Prehistoric Flying Reptile Was Bigger Than a Car A fossil of a toothless flying pterosaur, with a body bigger than some family cars, represents one of the largest of these extinct reptiles ever to be found and has forced the creation of a new genus, scientists announced today.
Pterosaurs ruled the skies 115 million years ago during the dinosaur age . They are often mistaken for dinosaurs .
Mark Witton of the University of Portsmouth identified the creature from a partial skull fossil. Witton estimates the beast would have had a 5.5-yard (5-meter) wingspan. It stood more than a yard (about 1 meter) tall at the shoulder.
"Some of the previous examples we have from this family in China are just 60 centimeters [about two feet] long -- as big as the skull of the new species. Put simply, it dwarfs any chaoyangopterid we've seen before by miles," Witton said.
The finding also is significant because it originated in Brazil and is the only example of the Chaoyangopteridae, a group of toothless pterosaurs, to be found outside China. Witton has christened the new species Lacusovagus, meaning "lake wanderer," after the large body of water in which the remains were buried. The findings are detailed in the November issue of the journal Palaeontology.
He was asked to examine the specimen, which had lain in a German museum for several years after its discovery in the Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil, an area well known for the its fossils and their excellent state of preservation.
However, he said that this fossil was preserved in an unusual way, making its interpretation difficult.
"Usually fossils like this are found lying on their sides, but this one was lying on the roof of its mouth and had been rather squashed, which made even figuring out whether it had teeth difficult," Witton said.
"Still, it's clear to see that Lacusovagus had an unusually wide skull which has implications for its feeding habits -- maybe it liked particularly large prey. The remains are very fragmentary, however, so we need more specimens before we can draw any conclusions."
The discovery of this pterosaur fossil in Brazil, so far away from its closest relatives in China, demonstrates how little scientists still know about the distribution and evolutionary history of this group of creatures, Witton said.
Polar Dinosaurs Endured Cold, Dark Winters
Polar dinosaurs such as the 3.3-ton duckbill Edmontosaurus are thought by some paleontologists to have been champion migrators to avoid the cold, dark season. But a study now claims that most of these beasts preferred to stick closer to home despite potentially deadly winter weather.
While some polar dinosaurs may have migrated, their treks were much shorter than previously thought, University of Alberta researchers Phil Bell and Eric Snively conclude from a recent review of past research on the animals and their habitat.
Polar dinosaurs include hadrosaurs , ceratopsians, tyrannosaurs, troodontids, hypsilophodontids, ankylosaurs, prosauropods, sauropods, ornithomimids and oviraptorosaurs . This idea goes against a once-popular "Happy Wanderers" theory published in 1980 by paleontologist Nicholas Hotton III, who thought that long-distance migration allowed polar dinosaurs to escape the coldest winter temperatures.
Hotton and others suggested that some dinosaurs living near the North Pole followed the centrally shifting sunlight, or latitudinal "sun line" where the sun ceases to rise for part of the year, as part of their migration. That would mean the animals might travel as far as 30 degrees of latitude, or 1,980 miles (3,200 kilometers) each way, in order to survive and avoid the total darkness of a polar winter.
"There are strong opinions regarding dinosaur migration, but we decided to take a different approach, looking at variables such as energy requirements," Bell said.
A comparison of great migrators
Bell and Snively's study led them to conclude that some migrating polar dinosaurs could have traveled up to 1,800 miles (3,000 kilometers) round-trip -- only half of the distance suggested previously by Hotton.
For comparison, here are some of the roundtrip distances covered by some of today's migrating land animals, according to the Alberta team:
Caribou -- 3,420 miles (5,505 kilometers)
Reindeer -- 1,242 miles (2,000 kilometers)
Mongolian gazelle -- 683 miles (1,100 kilometers)
Wolf -- 447 miles (720 kilometers)
Elephant -- 347 miles (560 kilometers)
Giraffe -- 49 miles (80 kilometers)
Dinosaurs fine up there
Discoveries of large bone beds all over Western North America have suggested to paleontologists that many dinosaurs in this region traveled long distances. In order to sustain the herd, "it seemed to make sense that they would be moving to and from the poles ," Bell said.
While this view of migration is feasible for some species of polar dinosaurs, it does not hold for all, he said.
"Many types of dinosaurs were surviving in polar latitudes at the time, and getting along quite fine," Bell said. "They were not physically able to remove themselves from the environment for a variety of reasons and had to adapt to the cold, dark winters just as the rest of us mammals do today."
In fact, some evidence suggests polar dinosaurs tolerated the cold remarkably well and adapted to lasting through the tough winters, Bell and Snively write. Sauropods, theropods and ankylosaurs all endured three months of winter darkness, possibly foraging on tough stuff like conifers, ginkgoes, horsetails and ferns, rather than hibernating or burrowing, some research suggests.
The mean annual temperatures at the poles were warmer than they are today, around 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius), according to research noted by Bell and Snively. This meant more foliage was available for munching, and also blocked movement and left less wide open space for migration.
Also, it is now known that some small theropod dinosaurs, including some tyrannosaurs, had feathers that could have kept them warmer in colder climates. Among polar dinosaurs, that could apply to troodontids, ornithomimids and oviraptorosaurs, which are all theropods.
What about Edmontosaurus?
Edmontosaurus has been considered the "poster boy" of migrating dinosaurs, Bell and Snively wrote in their study.
Fossil evidence for the dinosaur spans some 807 miles (1,300 km) between Alaska and central Alberta, south to Colorado, although this doesn't necessarily mean the animals covered this distance. This distribution could just represent the animals' dispersal over time, the authors write, just as saltwater crocodiles are found in waters ranging from Australia to India although they do not migrate across those distances.
But given their size and physiology, dinosaurs would have been incapable of sustaining the effort needed to make the trip, Bell and Snively concluded.
"When we looked at the energy requirements needed to support a three-tonne [2,200-pound] Edmontosaurus over this distance, we found it would have to be as energy efficient as a bird. No land animal travels that far today," Bell said.
However, it is possible that Edmontosaurus regalis, one of the three known species of this dinosaur, had the metabolism and fat deposition rates required to make a 1,600-mile (2,600-km) round-trip journey, traveling at speeds between 1.2 and 6.2 mph (2 and 10 kph) -- a slow walking pace for a human, the Alberta team claims.
Bell and Snively's findings were published in the September issue of Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Paleontology. The work was supported by the University of Alberta and an Alberta Ingenuity Fellowship received by Snively.
Walter
Palaeontology, University of Alberta
Archaeologists have found what they say is the oldest brain ever discovered in Britain, or at least the shriveled remnant of one, in a decapitated skull that dates back more than 2,000 years. 
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